| Cherubim,
the, of Genesis,
page 09;
a dragon, 11, 13 Original Sin, & Epimetheus, pages 03, page 10, & Swayambhura, page 13. Reconciliation of Scripture and science, page 5. |
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BIBLE
MYTHS. PART I. THE OLD TESTAMENT. CHAPTER I. (Page) 01 THE CREATION AND FALL OF MAN. THE Old Testament commences with one of its most interesting myths, that of the Creation and Fall of Man. The story is to be found in the first three chapters of Genesis, the substance of which is as follows: After God created the Heavens and the Earth, he said: Let there be light, and there was light, and after calling the light Day, and the darkness Night, the first days work was ended. God then made the Firmament, which completed the second days work. Then God caused the dry land to appear, which he called Earth, and the waters he called Seas. After this the earth was made to bring forth grass, trees, &c., which completed the third days work. The next things God created were the Sun, a Moon and Stars, and after he had set them in the Firmament, the fourth days work was ended. b a The idea that the sun, moon and stars were set in the firmament was entertained by most nations of antiquity, but, as strange as it may appear, Pythagoras, the Grecian philosopher, who flourished from 540 to 510 B. C. as well as other Grecian philosophers taught that the sun was placed in the centre of the universe, with the planets roving round it in a circle, thus making day and night. (See Knights Ancient Art and Mythology, p. 59, and note.) The Buddhists anciently taught that the universe is composed of limitless systems or worlds, called sakwaias. (Page) 02 BIBLE MYTHS. After these, God created great whales, and other creatures which inhabit the water, also winged fowls. This brought the fifth day to a close. The work of creation was finally completed on the sixth day, c when God made beasts of every kind, cattle, creeping things, and lastly man, whom he created male and female, in his own image. d c The geologist reckons not by days or by years; the whole six thousand years, which were until lately looked on as the sum of the worlds age, are to him but as a unit of measurement in the long succession of past ages. (Sir John Lubbock.) Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the host of them. And on the seventh e day God ended his work which he had made: and he rested on the seventh day, from all his work which he had made. And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it, because that in it he had rested from all his work which God created and made. e The number SEVEN was sacred among almost every nation of antiquity. (See ch. ii.)After this information, which concludes at the third verse of Genesis ii., strange though it may appear, another account of the Creation commences, which is altogether different from the one we have just related. This account commences thus: These are the generations of the heavens and the earth when they were created, in the day (not days) that the Lord God made the earth and the heavens. It then goes on to say that the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, f which appears to be the first thing he made. After planting a garden eastward in f According to Grecian Mythology, the God Prometheus created men, in the image of the gods, out of clay. (see Bulfinch: The Age of Fable, p. 25; and Goldzhier: Hebrew Myths, p. 373), and the God Hephaistos was commanded by Zeus to mold of clay the figure of a maiden, into which Athene, the dawn THE CREATION AND FALL OF MAN. 03 And a river went out of Eden to water the garden, and from thence it was parted, and became into four heads. These four rivers were called, first Pison, second Gihon, third Hiddekel, and the fourth Euphrates. i i According to the Persian account of Paradise, four great rivers came from Mount Alborj; two are in the North, and two go towards the South. The river Arduisir nourishes the Tree of Immortality, the Holy Hom. (Stiefelhagen: quoted in Mysteries of Adoni p. 149.) According to the Chinese myth, the waters of the Garden of Paradise issue from the fountain of immortality, which divides itself into four rivers. (Ibid., p. 150, and Prog. Relig. Ideas, vol. i., p. 210.) The Hindoos call their Mount Meru the Paradise, out of which went four rivers. (Anacalypsis, vol. i., p. 357.)After the Lord God had made the Tree of Life, and the Tree of Knowledge, he said unto the man: Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat, but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it, for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. Then the Lord God, thinking that it would not be well for man to live alone, formed out of the ground "every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them, and whatever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof. After Adam had given names to all cattle, and to the fowls of the air, and to every beast of the field, the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept, and he (the Lord God) took one of his (Adams) ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof. And of the rib, which the Lord God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto Adam. And they were both naked, the man and his wife, and they were not ashamed. After this everything is supposed to have gone harmoniously, until a serpent appeared before the woman j who was afterwards called Eve and said to her: Hath God said, ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden? j According to Persian legend, Arimanes, the Evil Spirit, by eating a certain kind of fruit, transformed himself into a serpent, and went gliding about on the earth to tempt human beings. His Devs entered the bodies of men and produced all manners of diseases. They entered into their minds, and incited them to sensuality, falsehood, slander and revenge. Into every department of the world they introduced discord and death.The woman, answering the serpent, said: We may eat of the fruit of the trees of the garden: but of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat of it, lest ye die. Whereupon the serpent said to her: Ye shall not surely die. (which according to the narrative, was the truth). (Page) 04 BIBLE MYTHS. He then told her that, upon eating the fruit, their eyes would be opened, and that they would be as gods, knowing good from evil. The woman then looked upon the tree, and as the fruit was tempting, She took of the fruit, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband, and he did eat. The result was not death (as the Lord God had told them), but, as the serpent had said, the eyes of both were opened, and they knew they were naked, and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons. Towards evening (i. e., in the cool of the day), Adam and his wife heard the voice of the Lord God walking in the garden, and being afraid, they hid themselves among the trees of the garden. The Lord God not finding Adam and his wife, said: Where art thou? Adam answering, said: I heard thy voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked, and I hid myself. The Lord God then told Adam that he had eaten of the tree which he had commanded him not to eat, whereupon Adam said: The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, she gave me of the tree and I did eat. When the Lord God spoke to the woman concerning her transgression, she blamed the serpent, which she said beguiled her. This sealed the serpents fate, for the Lord Upon thy belly shalt thou go, and dust shall thou eat all the days of thy life. k k Inasmuch as the physical construction of the serpent never could admit of its moving in any other way, and inasmuch as it does not eat dust, does not the narrator of this myth reflect unpleasantly upon the wisdom of such a God as Jehovah is claimed to be, as well as upon the ineffectualness of his first curse?Unto the woman the Lord I will greatly multiply thy sorrow, and thy conception; in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children, and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee. Unto Adam he said: Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, of which I commanded thee, saying, Thou shalt not eat of it: cursed is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life. Thorns also, and thistles shall it bring forth to thee; and thou shalt eat the herb of the field. In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, till thou return unto the ground, for out of it wast thou taken: for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return. THE CREATION AND FALL OF MAN. 05 The Lord God then made coats of skin for Adam and his wife, with which he clothed them, after which he said: Behold, the man is become as one of us l to know good and evil; and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live forever (he must be sent forth from Eden). So he (the Lord God) drove out the man (and the woman); and he placed at the east of the garden of Eden, Cherubims, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way of the tree of life. Thus ends the narrative. l Our writer unmistakably recognizes the existence of many gods; for he makes Yahweh say: See, the man has become as ONE OF US, knowing good and evil; and so he evidently implies the existence of other similar beings, to whom he attributes immortality and insight into the difference between good and evil. Yahweh, then, was, in his eyes, the god of gods, indeed, but not the only god. (Bible for Learners, vol. i. p. 51.)Before proceeding to show from whence this legend, or legends, had their origin, we will notice a feature which is very prominent in the narrative, and which cannot escape the eye of an observing reader, i. e., the two different and contradictory accounts of the creation. The first of these commences at the first verse of chapter first, and ends at the third verse of chapter second. The second account commences at the fourth verse of chapter second, and continues to the end of the chapter. In speaking of these contradictory accounts of the Creation, Dean Stanley says: It is now clear to diligent students of the bible, that the first and second chapters of Genesis contain two narratives of the Creation, side by side, differing from each other in most every particular of time and place order. m m In his memorial sermon preached in Westminster Abbey, after the funeral of Sir Charles Lyell. He further said in this address:Bishop Colenso, in his very learned work on the Pentateuch, speaking on this subject, says: The following are the most noticeable points of difference between the two cosmogonies: 1. In the first, the earth emerges from the waters and is, therefore, saturated with moisture. n In the second, the whole face of the ground requires to be moistened. o n Gen. i. 9. 10. o (Page) 06 BIBLE MYTHS. 2. In the first, the birds and the beasts are created before man. 1 In the second, man is created before the birds and the beasts. 2 3. In the first, all fowls that fly are made out of the waters. 3 In the second the fowls of the air are made out of the ground. 4 4. In the first, man is created in the image of God. 5 In the second, man is made of the dust of the ground, and merely animated with the breath of life; and it is only after his eating the forbidden fruit that the Lord God said, Behold, the man has become as one of us, to know good and evil. 6 5. In the first, man is made lord of the whole earth. 7 In the second, he is merely placed in the garden of Eden, to dress it and to keep it. 8 1 Gen. i. 20, 24, 26. 5 Gen. i. 27. 6. In the first, the man and the woman are created together, as the closing and completing work of the whole creation, created also, as is evidently implied, in the same kind of way, to be the complement of one another, and, thus created, they are blessed together. 9 9 Gen. i. 28. In the second, the beasts and birds are created between the man and the woman. First, the man is made of the dust of the ground; he is placed by himself in the garden, charged with a solemn command, and threatened with a curse if he breaks it; then the beasts and birds are made, and the man gives names to them, and, lastly, after all this, the woman is made out of one of his ribs, but merely as a helpmate for the man. 10 The fact is, that the second account of the Creation, 11 together with the story of the Fall, 12 is manifestly composed by a different writer altogether from him who wrote the first. 13 10 Gen. ii. 7, 8, 15, 22. This is suggested at once by the circumstance that, throughout the first narrative, the Creator is always spoken of by the name Elohim (God), whereas, throughout the second account, as well as the story of the Fall, he is always called Jehovah Elohim (Lord God), except when the writer seems to abstain, for some reason, from placing the name Jehovah in the mouth of the serpent. 14 This accounts naturally for the above contradictions. It would appear that, for some reason, the productions of two pens have been here united, without any reference to their inconsistencies. 15 14 Gen. iii. 1, 3, 5.Dr. Kalisch, who does his utmost to maintain as far as his knowledge of the truth will allow the general historical veracity of this narrative, after speaking of the first account of the Creation, says: But now the narrative seems not only to pause, but to go backward. The grand and powerful climax seems at once broken off, and a languid repetition appears to follow. Another cosmogony is introduced, which, to complete the perplexity, is, in many important features, in direct contradiction to the former. It would be dishonesty to conceal these difficulties. It would be weakmindedness and cowardice. It would be flight instead of combat. It would be an ignoble retreat, instead of victory. We confess there is an apparent dissonance. 16 16 Com. on Old Test. vol. i. p. 59. THE CREATION AND FALL OF MAN. 07 Dr. Knappert says: a a The Relig. of Israel, p. 186. The account of the Creation from the hand of the Priestly author is utterly different from the other narrative, beginning at the fourth verse of Genesis ii. Here we are told that God created Heaven and Earth in six days, and rested on the seventh day, obviously with a view to bring out the holiness of the Sabbath in a strong light. Now that we have seen there are two different and contradictory accounts of the Creation, to be found in the first two chapters of Genesis, we will endeavor to learn if there is sufficient reason to believe they are copies of more ancient legends. We have seen that, according to the first account, God divided the work of creation into six days. This idea agrees with that of the ancient Persians. The Zend-Avesta the sacred writings of the Parsees states that the Supreme being Ahuramazdii (Onnuzd), created the universe and man in six successive periods of time, in the following order : First, the Heavens; second, the Waters; third, the Earth ; fourth, the Trees and Plants; fifth, Animals; and sixth, Man. After the Creator had finished his work, he rested. b b Von Bohlen: Intro. to Gen. vol. ii. p. 4.The Avesta account of the Creation is limited to this announcement, but we find a more detailed history of the origin of the human species in the book entitled Bundehesh, dedicated to the exposition of a complete cosmogony. This book states that Ahuramazdβ created the first man and woman joined together at the back. After dividing them he endowed them with motion and activity, placed within them an intelligent soul, and bade them to be humble of heart; to observe the law; to be pure in their thoughts, pure in their speech, pure in their actions. Thus were born Mashya and Mashyana, the pair from which all human beings are descended. c c Lenormant: Beginning of Hist. vol. i. p. 61.The idea brought out in this story of the first human pair having originally formed a single androgynous being with two faces, separated later into two personalities by the Creator, is to be found in the Genesis account (v. 2). Male and female created he them, and blessed them, and named their name Adam. Jewish tradition in the Targum and Talmud, as well as among learned rabbis, allege that Adam was created man and woman at the same time, having two faces turned in two opposite directions, and that the Creator separated the feminine half from him, in order to make of her a distinct person. d d See Ibid. p. 64; and Legends of the Patriarchs, p. 31. (Page) 08 THE CREATION AND FALL OF MAN. The ancient Etruscan legend, according to Delitzsch, is almost the same as the Persian. They relate that God created the world in six thousand years. In the first thousand he created the Heaven and Earth; in the second, the Firmament; in the third, the Waters of the Earth; in the fourth, the Sun, Moon and Stars; in the fifth, the Animals belonging to air, water and land; and in the sixth, Man alone. e e The Etruscans believed in a creation of six thousand years, and in the successive production of different beings, the last of which was man. (Dunlap: Spirit Hist. p. 357.)Dr. Delitzsch, who maintains to the utmost the historical truth of the Scripture story in Genesis, yet says: Whence comes the surprising agreement of the Etruscan and Persian legends with this section? How comes it that the Babylonian cosmogony in Berosus, and the Phoenician in Sanchoniathon, in spite of their fantastical oddity, come in contact with it in remarkable details? After showing some of the similarities in the legends of these different nations, he continues: These are only instances of that which they have in common. For such an account outside of Israel, we must, however, conclude, that the author of Genesis i. has no vision before him, but a tradition. f Von Bohlen tells us that the old Chaldaean cosmogony is also the same. g f Quoted by Bishop Colenso: The Pentateuch Examined, vol. iv. p. 115.To continue the Persian legend; we will now show that according to it, after the Creation man was tempted, and fell. Kalisch h and Bishop Colenso i tell us of the Persian legend that the first couple lived originally in purity and innocence. Perpetual happiness was promised them by the Creator if they persevered in their virtue. But an evil demon came to them in the form of a serpent, sent by Ahriman, the prince of devils, and gave them fruit of a wonderful tree, which imparted immortality. Evil inclinations then entered their hearts, and all their moral excellence was destroyed. Consequently they fell, and forfeited the eternal happiness for which they were destined. They killed beasts, and clothed themselves in their skins. The evil demon obtained still more perfect power over their minds, and called forth envy, hatred, discord, and rebellion, which raged in the bosom of the families. h Com. on Old Test. vol. i. p. 63.Since the above was written, Mr. George Smith, of the British Museum, has discovered cuneiform inscriptions, which show conclusively that the Babylonians had this legend of the Creation and Fall of Man, some 1,500 years or more before the Hebrews heard of it. j j See Chapter xi. THE CREATION AND FALL OF MAN. 09 The cuneiform inscriptions relating to the Babylonian legend of the Creation and Fall of Man, which have been discovered by English archaeologists, are not, however, complete. The portions which relate to the Tree and Serpent have not been found, but Babylonian gem engravings show that these incidents were evidently a part of the original legend. 1 The Tree of Life in the Genesis account appears to correspond with the sacred grove of Aim, which was guarded by a sword turning to all the four points of the compass. 2 A representation of this Sacred Tree, with attendant cherubim copied from an Assyrian cylinder, may be seen in Mr. George Smiths Chaldean Account of Genesis. 3 ![]() Figure No. 1, which we have taken from the same work, 4 shows the tree of knowledge, fruit, and the serpent. Mr. Smith says of it: One striking and important specimen of early type in the British Museum collection, has two figures sitting one on each side of a tree, holding out their hands to the fruit, while at the back of one (the woman) is scratched a serpent. We know well that in these early sculptures none of these figures were chance devices, but all represented events, or supposed events, and figures in their legends; thus it is evident that a form of the story of the Fall, similar to that of Genesis, was known in early times in Babylonia. 5 1 Mr. Smith says, Whatever the primitive account may have been from which the earlier part of the Book of Genesis was copied, it is evident that the brief narration given in the Pentatench omits a number of incidents and explanations for instance, as to the origin of evil, the fall of the angels, the wickedness of the serpent &c. Such points as these are included in the cuneiform narrative. (Smith: Chaldean Account of Genesis, pp. 13, 14.)This illustration might be used to illustrate the narrative of Genesis, and as Friedrich Delitzsch has remarked (George Smiths Chaldδische Genesis) is capable of no other explanation. M. Renan (Hibbert Lectures), does not hesitate to join forces with the ancient commentators, in seeking to recover a trace of the same tradition among the Phenicians in the fragments of Sanchoniathon, translated into Greek by Philo of Byblos. In fact, it is there said, in speaking of the first human pair, and of Ζon, which seems to be the translation of Havvβh (in Phenician Havβth) and stands in her relation to the other members of the pair, that this personage has found out how to obtain nourishment from the fruits of the tree. Doane, Bible Myths and their Parallels in other Religions, CHAPTER ONE, pages 1018. INTRODUCTION page iii. INDEX of Subjects. Martian Visitor ( Home ) Metaphysics: The Pagan origins of Easter THE WORLDS SIXTEEN CRUCIFIED SAVIORS or Christianity Before Christ CONTAINING New, Startling and Extraordinary Revelations In Religious History, Which Disclose The Oriental Origin Of All The Doctrines, Principles, Precepts, And Miracles Of The CHRISTIAN NEW TESTAMENT And Furnishing A Key For Unlocking Many Of Its Sacred Mysteries, Besides comprising the History Of 16 HEATHEN CRUCIFIED GODS BY KERSEY GRAVES Copyright, 1875 |